Monday, September 5, 2011

Alfred Bernhard Nobel : A lifetime history

Alfred Nobel, Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Alfred Nobel

The Man Behind the Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist.

Biographical Information

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 21, 1833. His family was descended from Olof Rudbeck, the best-known technical genius in Sweden in the 17th century, an era in which Sweden was a great power in northern Europe. Nobel was fluent in several languages, and wrote poetry and drama. Nobel was also very interested in social and peace-related issues, and held views that were considered radical during his time.

Alfred Nobel Timeline

Timeline

1833 Alfred Nobel is born in Stockholm, Sweden. In the same year, his father – Immanuel Nobel – goes bankrupt.
1837 Immanuel Nobel travels to Finland and then to St Petersburg, Russia, where he starts a mechanical workshop; he leaves his family behind in Sweden.
1842 The Nobel family is reunited in St Petersburg.
1850-1852 Alfred Nobel goes to Paris and works for one year in the laboratory of T. Jules Pelouze. He also travels to Italy, Germany and the United States (US).
1853-1856 The Crimean War rages.

The Nobel Company flourishes at first, but goes bankrupt as the war ends and the Russian military cancels orders.

Alfred Nobel searches desperately for new products. Nikolai N. Zinin, Nobel's chemistry teacher, reminds him of nitroglycerin.
1862 Alfred Nobel starts his experiments with nitroglycerin.
1863 Nobel obtains the first patent on nitroglycerin (blasting oil) as an industrial explosive. He develops and patents a detonator (blasting cap) for triggering the explosion of nitroglycerin. He also moves to Stockholm, where he continues his experiments.
1864 Emil, Alfred Nobel's brother, is killed during the preparation of nitroglycerin at Heleneborg, Stockholm.

Nobel continues his experiments and forms the company Nitroglycerin AB in Stockholm, Sweden.
1865 Alfred Nobel improves the blasting cap design and moves to Germany to set up the Alfred Nobel & Co Factory in Krümmel near Hamburg.
1866 Nobel establishes the United States Blasting Oil Company in the US.

A violent explosion destroys the Krümmel plant. Experimenting on a raft anchored on the river Elbe, Alfred Nobel tries to make nitroglycerin safer to handle. He finds that nitroglycerin is stabilized by the addition of kieselguhr (a siliceous deposit; also known as diatomaceous earth), and calls this mixture dynamite.
1867 Alfred Nobel obtains a patent for dynamite.
1871 Nobel establishes the British Dynamite Company (Ardeer, Scotland, UK). In 1877 the company name is changed to Nobel's Explosives Company.
1872 Immanuel, Alfred Nobel's father, passes away.
1873 At the age of 40 Alfred Nobel is a wealthy man. He moves to Paris and settles at Avenue Malakoff.

The manufacture of nitroglycerin and dynamite starts at Ardeer.
1875 Alfred Nobel invents blasting gelatine in Paris and patents it in 1876. He establishes Société Générale pour la Fabrication de la Dynamite in Paris, France.
1876 Dynamitaktiengesellschaft (DAG), formerly Alfred Nobel & Co (Hamburg, Germany), is formed.

Alfred Nobel advertises for a housekeeper/personal secretary, meets with Bertha Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (later von Suttner) and hires her. She leaves his employment after a short time and becomes a leading peace activist.
1880 Dynamite Nobel is formed by merging Nobel's Italian and Swiss companies.
1881 Alfred Nobel buys an estate and laboratory at Sevran outside Paris.
1885 German Union is formed by merging DAG and a group of German dynamite companies.
1886 Nobel-Dynamite Trust Co (London, UK) is formed by merging DAG and the Nobel's Explosives Company.
1887 Nobel obtains a patent for the blasting powder "ballistite" in France.
1889 Andriette, Alfred Nobel's mother, passes away.
1891 Alfred Nobel leaves Paris and settles in San Remo, Italy, after a dispute with the French government over ballistite.
1893 Alfred Nobel hires Ragnar Sohlman, who he later names executor of his will and testament.
1894 Alfred Nobel buys a small machine works (Bofors-Gullspång) and a manor (Björkborn) at Karlskoga, Sweden.
1895 The third and final will of Alfred Nobel is signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris.
1896 Alfred Nobel dies at his home in San Remo, Italy, on 10 December 1896.

Alfred Nobel, Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

 The Will

On November 27, 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will in Paris. When it was opened and read after his death, the will caused a lot of controversy both in Sweden and internationally, as Nobel had left much of his wealth for the establishment of a prize! His family opposed the establishment of the Nobel Prize, and the prize awarders he named refused to do what he had requested in his will. It was five years before the first Nobel Prize could be awarded in 1901.

 

Full text of Alfred Nobel's Will

I, the undersigned, Alfred Bernhard Nobel, do hereby, after mature deliberation, declare the following to be my last Will and Testament with respect to such property as may be left by me at the time of my death:
To my nephews, Hjalmar and Ludvig Nobel, the sons of my brother Robert Nobel, I bequeath the sum of Two Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
To my nephew Emanuel Nobel, the sum of Three Hundred Thousand, and to my niece Mina Nobel, One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
To my brother Robert Nobel's daughters, Ingeborg and Tyra, the sum of One Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
Miss Olga Boettger, at present staying with Mrs Brand, 10 Rue St Florentin, Paris, will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
Mrs Sofie Kapy von Kapivar, whose address is known to the Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank in Vienna, is hereby entitled to an annuity of 6000 Florins Ö.W. which is paid to her by the said Bank, and to this end I have deposited in this Bank the amount of 150,000 Fl. in Hungarian State Bonds;
Mr Alarik Liedbeck, presently living at 26 Sturegatan, Stockholm, will receive One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
Miss Elise Antun, presently living at 32 Rue de Lubeck, Paris, is entitled to an annuity of Two Thousand Five Hundred Francs. In addition, Forty Eight Thousand Francs owned by her are at present in my custody, and shall be refunded;
Mr Alfred Hammond, Waterford, Texas, U.S.A. will receive Ten Thousand Dollars;
The Misses Emy and Marie Winkelmann, Potsdamerstrasse, 51, Berlin, will receive Fifty Thousand Marks each;
Mrs Gaucher, 2 bis Boulevard du Viaduc, Nimes, France will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
My servants, Auguste Oswald and his wife Alphonse Tournand, employed in my laboratory at San Remo, will each receive an annuity of One Thousand Francs;
My former servant, Joseph Girardot, 5, Place St. Laurent, Châlons sur Saône, is entitled to an annuity of Five Hundred Francs, and my former gardener, Jean Lecof, at present with Mrs Desoutter, receveur Curaliste, Mesnil, Aubry pour Ecouen, S.& O., France, will receive an annuity of Three Hundred Francs;
Mr Georges Fehrenbach, 2, Rue Compiègne, Paris, is entitled to an annual pension of Five Thousand Francs from January 1, 1896 to January 1, 1899, when the said pension shall discontinue;
A sum of Twenty Thousand Crowns each, which has been placed in my custody, is the property of my brother's children, Hjalmar, Ludvig, Ingeborg and Tyra, and shall be repaid to them.
The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical work by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.
As Executors of my testamentary dispositions, I hereby appoint Mr Ragnar Sohlman, resident at Bofors, Värmland, and Mr Rudolf Lilljequist, 31 Malmskillnadsgatan, Stockholm, and at Bengtsfors near Uddevalla. To compensate for their pains and attention, I grant to Mr Ragnar Sohlman, who will presumably have to devote most time to this matter, One Hundred Thousand Crowns, and to Mr Rudolf Lilljequist, Fifty Thousand Crowns;
At the present time, my property consists in part of real estate in Paris and San Remo, and in part of securities deposited as follows: with The Union Bank of Scotland Ltd in Glasgow and London, Le Crédit Lyonnais, Comptoir National d'Escompte, and with Alphen Messin & Co. in Paris; with the stockbroker M.V. Peter of Banque Transatlantique, also in Paris; with Direction der Disconto Gesellschaft and Joseph Goldschmidt & Cie, Berlin; with the Russian Central Bank, and with Mr Emanuel Nobel in Petersburg; with Skandinaviska Kredit Aktiebolaget in Gothenburg and Stockholm, and in my strong-box at 59, Avenue Malakoff, Paris; further to this are accounts receivable, patents, patent fees or so-called royalties etc. in connection with which my Executors will find full information in my papers and books.
This Will and Testament is up to now the only one valid, and revokes all my previous testamentary dispositions, should any such exist after my death.
Finally, it is my express wish that following my death my veins shall be opened, and when this has been done and competent Doctors have confirmed clear signs of death, my remains shall be cremated in a so-called crematorium.
Paris, 27 November, 1895
Alfred Bernhard Nobel



That Mr Alfred Bernhard Nobel, being of sound mind, has of his own free will declared the above to be his last Will and Testament, and that he has signed the same, we have, in his presence and the presence of each other, hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses:
Sigurd Ehrenborg
former Lieutenant
Paris: 84 Boulevard Haussmann

R. W. Strehlenert
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline

Thos Nordenfelt
Constructor
8, Rue Auber, Paris

Leonard Hwass
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline

Will
Alfred Nobel's will.

 

 All Nobel Prizes

Between 1901 and 2010, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 543 times to 840 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 813 individuals and 20 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Laureates

 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen, Christopher A. Pissarides

2009

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak
The Nobel Peace Prize
Barack H. Obama
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson

2008

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
The Nobel Peace Prize
Martti Ahtisaari

2007

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies
The Nobel Peace Prize
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson

2006

The Nobel Prize in Physics
John C. Mather, George F. Smoot
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello
The Nobel Peace Prize
Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank

2005

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Mohamed ElBaradei
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling

2004

The Nobel Prize in Physics
David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck
The Nobel Peace Prize
Wangari Muta Maathai
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott

2003

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger

2002

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith

2001

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul
The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations (U.N.) , Kofi Annan
The Prize in Economic Sciences
George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz

2000

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel
The Prize in Economic Sciences
James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden

1999

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman
The Nobel Peace Prize
Médecins Sans Frontières

1998

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walter Kohn, John A. Pople
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
The Nobel Peace Prize
John Hume, David Trimble

1997

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) , Jody Williams
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes

1996

The Nobel Prize in Physics
David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
The Nobel Peace Prize
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta
The Prize in Economic Sciences
James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey

1995

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
The Nobel Peace Prize
Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert E. Lucas Jr.

1994

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
The Nobel Peace Prize
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin
The Prize in Economic Sciences
John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten

1993

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp
The Nobel Peace Prize
Nelson Mandela, Frederik Willem de Klerk
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North

1992

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs
The Nobel Peace Prize
Rigoberta Menchú Tum

1991

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
The Nobel Peace Prize
Aung San Suu Kyi

1990

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
The Nobel Peace Prize
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe

1989

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
The Nobel Peace Prize
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)

1988

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings
The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

1987

The Nobel Prize in Physics
J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
The Nobel Peace Prize
Oscar Arias Sánchez

1986

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
The Prize in Economic Sciences
James M. Buchanan Jr.

1985

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Klaus von Klitzing
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

1984

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert Bruce Merrifield
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
The Nobel Peace Prize
Desmond Mpilo Tutu

1983

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler

1982

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Kenneth G. Wilson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gabriel García Márquez
The Nobel Peace Prize
Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles

1981

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
The Nobel Peace Prize
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

1980

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
The Nobel Peace Prize
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

1979

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
The Nobel Peace Prize
Mother Teresa
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis

1978

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Isaac Bashevis Singer
The Nobel Peace Prize
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin

1977

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow
The Nobel Peace Prize
Amnesty International
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade

1976

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William N. Lipscomb
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek
The Nobel Peace Prize
Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan

1975

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
The Nobel Peace Prize
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans

1974

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson
The Nobel Peace Prize
Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek

1973

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
The Nobel Peace Prize
Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho

1972

The Nobel Prize in Physics
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.
The Prize in Economic Sciences
John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow

1971

1970

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn
The Nobel Peace Prize
Norman E. Borlaug

1969

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Derek H. R. Barton, Odd Hassel
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria
The Nobel Peace Prize
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)
The Prize in Economic Sciences
Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen

1968

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Luis Walter Alvarez
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg

1967

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hans Albrecht Bethe
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Miguel Angel Asturias
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1966

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert S. Mulliken
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Nelly Sachs
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1965

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert Burns Woodward
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

1964

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
The Nobel Peace Prize
Martin Luther King Jr.

1963

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) , Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)

1962

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Lev Davidovich Landau
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Max Ferdinand Perutz, John Cowdery Kendrew
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
The Nobel Peace Prize
Linus Carl Pauling

1961

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
The Nobel Peace Prize
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld

1960

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Donald Arthur Glaser
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Willard Frank Libby
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar
The Nobel Peace Prize
Albert John Lutuli

1959

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Jaroslav Heyrovsky
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Salvatore Quasimodo
The Nobel Peace Prize
Philip J. Noel-Baker

1958

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

1957

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Lord (Alexander R.) Todd
The Nobel Peace Prize
Lester Bowles Pearson

1956

The Nobel Prize in Physics
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Juan Ramón Jiménez
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1955

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Vincent du Vigneaud
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Halldór Kiljan Laxness
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1954

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max Born, Walther Bothe
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Linus Carl Pauling
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ernest Miller Hemingway
The Nobel Peace Prize
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

1953

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Frits (Frederik) Zernike
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hermann Staudinger
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
The Nobel Peace Prize
George Catlett Marshall

1952

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge
The Nobel Peace Prize
Albert Schweitzer

1951

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Edwin Mattison McMillan, Glenn Theodore Seaborg
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Pär Fabian Lagerkvist
The Nobel Peace Prize
Léon Jouhaux

1950

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Cecil Frank Powell
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Paul Hermann Diels, Kurt Alder
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell

1949

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William Francis Giauque
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
The Nobel Peace Prize
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin

1948

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Thomas Stearns Eliot
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1947

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Edward Victor Appleton
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir Robert Robinson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, Bernardo Alberto Houssay
The Nobel Prize in Literature
André Paul Guillaume Gide
The Nobel Peace Prize
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) , American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)

1946

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Percy Williams Bridgman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley
The Nobel Peace Prize
Emily Greene Balch, John Raleigh Mott

1945

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey

1944

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Isidor Isaac Rabi
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)

1943

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1942

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1941

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1940

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1939

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1938

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Corneille Jean François Heymans
The Nobel Peace Prize
Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)

1937

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walter Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Roger Martin du Gard
The Nobel Peace Prize
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)

1936

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill
The Nobel Peace Prize
Carlos Saavedra Lamas

1935

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
Carl von Ossietzky

1934

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Harold Clayton Urey
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
The Nobel Peace Prize
Arthur Henderson

1933

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
The Nobel Peace Prize
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)

1932

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Werner Karl Heisenberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1931

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
The Nobel Peace Prize
Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler

1930

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
The Nobel Peace Prize
Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom

1929

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
The Nobel Peace Prize
Frank Billings Kellogg

1928

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Owen Willans Richardson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1927

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Heinrich Otto Wieland
The Nobel Peace Prize
Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde

1926

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Jean Baptiste Perrin
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The (Theodor) Svedberg
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
The Nobel Peace Prize
Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann

1925

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
George Bernard Shaw
The Nobel Peace Prize
Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles Gates Dawes

1924

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1923

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert Andrews Millikan
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod
The Nobel Prize in Literature
William Butler Yeats
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1922

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Niels Henrik David Bohr
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Francis William Aston
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof
The Nobel Peace Prize
Fridtjof Nansen

1921

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange

1920

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Edouard Guillaume
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walther Hermann Nernst
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Schack August Steenberg Krogh
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Knut Pedersen Hamsun
The Nobel Peace Prize
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois

1919

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler
The Nobel Peace Prize
Thomas Woodrow Wilson

1918

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Glover Barkla
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)

1916

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Martin Willstätter
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1914

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Theodore William Richards
The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.
The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1913

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rabindranath Tagore
The Nobel Peace Prize
Henri La Fontaine

1912

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Nils Gustaf Dalén
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann

1911

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck
The Nobel Peace Prize
Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Alfred Hermann Fried

1910

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse
The Nobel Peace Prize
Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)

1909

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf
The Nobel Peace Prize
Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque

1908

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
The Nobel Peace Prize
Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer

1907

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Abraham Michelson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
The Nobel Peace Prize
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault

1906

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Joseph John Thomson
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
The Nobel Peace Prize
Theodore Roosevelt

1905

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer
The Nobel Peace Prize
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau

1904

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir William Ramsay
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre
The Nobel Peace Prize
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)

1903

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, née Sklodowska
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Svante August Arrhenius
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson
The Nobel Peace Prize
William Randal Cremer

1902

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hermann Emil Fischer
The Nobel Prize in Literature
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
The Nobel Peace Prize
Élie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat

1901

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
The Nobel Peace Prize
Jean Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy