Alfred Bernhard Nobel : A lifetime history

Alfred Nobel

The Man Behind the Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist.

Biographical Information

Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 21, 1833. His family was descended from Olof Rudbeck, the best-known technical genius in Sweden in the 17th century, an era in which Sweden was a great power in northern Europe. Nobel was fluent in several languages, and wrote poetry and drama. Nobel was also very interested in social and peace-related issues, and held views that were considered radical during his time.

Alfred Nobel Timeline

1833	Alfred Nobel is born in Stockholm, Sweden. In the same year, his father – Immanuel Nobel – goes bankrupt.
1837	Immanuel Nobel travels to Finland and then to St Petersburg, Russia, where he starts a mechanical workshop; he leaves his family behind in Sweden.
1842	The Nobel family is reunited in St Petersburg.
1850-1852	Alfred Nobel goes to Paris and works for one year in the laboratory of T. Jules Pelouze. He also travels to Italy, Germany and the United States (US).
1853-1856	The Crimean War rages. The Nobel Company flourishes at first, but goes bankrupt as the war ends and the Russian military cancels orders. Alfred Nobel searches desperately for new products. Nikolai N. Zinin, Nobel's chemistry teacher, reminds him of nitroglycerin.
1862	Alfred Nobel starts his experiments with nitroglycerin.
1863	Nobel obtains the first patent on nitroglycerin (blasting oil) as an industrial explosive. He develops and patents a detonator (blasting cap) for triggering the explosion of nitroglycerin. He also moves to Stockholm, where he continues his experiments.
1864	Emil, Alfred Nobel's brother, is killed during the preparation of nitroglycerin at Heleneborg, Stockholm. Nobel continues his experiments and forms the company Nitroglycerin AB in Stockholm, Sweden.
1865	Alfred Nobel improves the blasting cap design and moves to Germany to set up the Alfred Nobel & Co Factory in Krümmel near Hamburg.
1866	Nobel establishes the United States Blasting Oil Company in the US. A violent explosion destroys the Krümmel plant. Experimenting on a raft anchored on the river Elbe, Alfred Nobel tries to make nitroglycerin safer to handle. He finds that nitroglycerin is stabilized by the addition of kieselguhr (a siliceous deposit; also known as diatomaceous earth), and calls this mixture dynamite.
1867	Alfred Nobel obtains a patent for dynamite.
1871	Nobel establishes the British Dynamite Company (Ardeer, Scotland, UK). In 1877 the company name is changed to Nobel's Explosives Company.
1872	Immanuel, Alfred Nobel's father, passes away.
1873	At the age of 40 Alfred Nobel is a wealthy man. He moves to Paris and settles at Avenue Malakoff. The manufacture of nitroglycerin and dynamite starts at Ardeer.
1875	Alfred Nobel invents blasting gelatine in Paris and patents it in 1876. He establishes Société Générale pour la Fabrication de la Dynamite in Paris, France.
1876	Dynamitaktiengesellschaft (DAG), formerly Alfred Nobel & Co (Hamburg, Germany), is formed. Alfred Nobel advertises for a housekeeper/personal secretary, meets with Bertha Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (later von Suttner) and hires her. She leaves his employment after a short time and becomes a leading peace activist.
1880	Dynamite Nobel is formed by merging Nobel's Italian and Swiss companies.
1881	Alfred Nobel buys an estate and laboratory at Sevran outside Paris.
1885	German Union is formed by merging DAG and a group of German dynamite companies.
1886	Nobel-Dynamite Trust Co (London, UK) is formed by merging DAG and the Nobel's Explosives Company.
1887	Nobel obtains a patent for the blasting powder "ballistite" in France.
1889	Andriette, Alfred Nobel's mother, passes away.
1891	Alfred Nobel leaves Paris and settles in San Remo, Italy, after a dispute with the French government over ballistite.
1893	Alfred Nobel hires Ragnar Sohlman, who he later names executor of his will and testament.
1894	Alfred Nobel buys a small machine works (Bofors-Gullspång) and a manor (Björkborn) at Karlskoga, Sweden.
1895	The third and final will of Alfred Nobel is signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris.
1896	Alfred Nobel dies at his home in San Remo, Italy, on 10 December 1896.

 The Will

On November 27, 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will in Paris. When it was opened and read after his death, the will caused a lot of controversy both in Sweden and internationally, as Nobel had left much of his wealth for the establishment of a prize! His family opposed the establishment of the Nobel Prize, and the prize awarders he named refused to do what he had requested in his will. It was five years before the first Nobel Prize could be awarded in 1901.

 

Full text of Alfred Nobel's Will

I, the undersigned, Alfred Bernhard Nobel, do hereby, after mature deliberation, declare the following to be my last Will and Testament with respect to such property as may be left by me at the time of my death:
To my nephews, Hjalmar and Ludvig Nobel, the sons of my brother Robert Nobel, I bequeath the sum of Two Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
To my nephew Emanuel Nobel, the sum of Three Hundred Thousand, and to my niece Mina Nobel, One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
To my brother Robert Nobel's daughters, Ingeborg and Tyra, the sum of One Hundred Thousand Crowns each;
Miss Olga Boettger, at present staying with Mrs Brand, 10 Rue St Florentin, Paris, will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
Mrs Sofie Kapy von Kapivar, whose address is known to the Anglo-Oesterreichische Bank in Vienna, is hereby entitled to an annuity of 6000 Florins Ö.W. which is paid to her by the said Bank, and to this end I have deposited in this Bank the amount of 150,000 Fl. in Hungarian State Bonds;
Mr Alarik Liedbeck, presently living at 26 Sturegatan, Stockholm, will receive One Hundred Thousand Crowns;
Miss Elise Antun, presently living at 32 Rue de Lubeck, Paris, is entitled to an annuity of Two Thousand Five Hundred Francs. In addition, Forty Eight Thousand Francs owned by her are at present in my custody, and shall be refunded;
Mr Alfred Hammond, Waterford, Texas, U.S.A. will receive Ten Thousand Dollars;
The Misses Emy and Marie Winkelmann, Potsdamerstrasse, 51, Berlin, will receive Fifty Thousand Marks each;
Mrs Gaucher, 2 bis Boulevard du Viaduc, Nimes, France will receive One Hundred Thousand Francs;
My servants, Auguste Oswald and his wife Alphonse Tournand, employed in my laboratory at San Remo, will each receive an annuity of One Thousand Francs;
My former servant, Joseph Girardot, 5, Place St. Laurent, Châlons sur Saône, is entitled to an annuity of Five Hundred Francs, and my former gardener, Jean Lecof, at present with Mrs Desoutter, receveur Curaliste, Mesnil, Aubry pour Ecouen, S.& O., France, will receive an annuity of Three Hundred Francs;
Mr Georges Fehrenbach, 2, Rue Compiègne, Paris, is entitled to an annual pension of Five Thousand Francs from January 1, 1896 to January 1, 1899, when the said pension shall discontinue;
A sum of Twenty Thousand Crowns each, which has been placed in my custody, is the property of my brother's children, Hjalmar, Ludvig, Ingeborg and Tyra, and shall be repaid to them.
The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way: the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses. The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical work by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not.
As Executors of my testamentary dispositions, I hereby appoint Mr Ragnar Sohlman, resident at Bofors, Värmland, and Mr Rudolf Lilljequist, 31 Malmskillnadsgatan, Stockholm, and at Bengtsfors near Uddevalla. To compensate for their pains and attention, I grant to Mr Ragnar Sohlman, who will presumably have to devote most time to this matter, One Hundred Thousand Crowns, and to Mr Rudolf Lilljequist, Fifty Thousand Crowns;
At the present time, my property consists in part of real estate in Paris and San Remo, and in part of securities deposited as follows: with The Union Bank of Scotland Ltd in Glasgow and London, Le Crédit Lyonnais, Comptoir National d'Escompte, and with Alphen Messin & Co. in Paris; with the stockbroker M.V. Peter of Banque Transatlantique, also in Paris; with Direction der Disconto Gesellschaft and Joseph Goldschmidt & Cie, Berlin; with the Russian Central Bank, and with Mr Emanuel Nobel in Petersburg; with Skandinaviska Kredit Aktiebolaget in Gothenburg and Stockholm, and in my strong-box at 59, Avenue Malakoff, Paris; further to this are accounts receivable, patents, patent fees or so-called royalties etc. in connection with which my Executors will find full information in my papers and books.
This Will and Testament is up to now the only one valid, and revokes all my previous testamentary dispositions, should any such exist after my death.
Finally, it is my express wish that following my death my veins shall be opened, and when this has been done and competent Doctors have confirmed clear signs of death, my remains shall be cremated in a so-called crematorium.
Paris, 27 November, 1895
Alfred Bernhard Nobel

---

That Mr Alfred Bernhard Nobel, being of sound mind, has of his own free will declared the above to be his last Will and Testament, and that he has signed the same, we have, in his presence and the presence of each other, hereunto subscribed our names as witnesses:
Sigurd Ehrenborg
former Lieutenant
Paris: 84 Boulevard Haussmann
R. W. Strehlenert
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline
Thos Nordenfelt
Constructor
8, Rue Auber, Paris
Leonard Hwass
Civil Engineer
4, Passage Caroline

Alfred Nobel's will.

 

 All Nobel Prizes

Between 1901 and 2010, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 543 times to 840 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 813 individuals and 20 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Laureates

 2010

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Andre Geim, Konstantin Novoselov

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert G. Edwards

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Mario Vargas Llosa

The Nobel Peace Prize
Liu Xiaobo

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen, Christopher A. Pissarides

2009

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Kuen Kao, Willard S. Boyle, George E. Smith

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Herta Müller

The Nobel Peace Prize
Barack H. Obama

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Elinor Ostrom, Oliver E. Williamson

2008

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

The Nobel Peace Prize
Martti Ahtisaari

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Paul Krugman

2007

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Gerhard Ertl

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, Oliver Smithies

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Doris Lessing

The Nobel Peace Prize
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , Albert Arnold (Al) Gore Jr.

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Leonid Hurwicz, Eric S. Maskin, Roger B. Myerson

2006

The Nobel Prize in Physics
John C. Mather, George F. Smoot

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Roger D. Kornberg

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Orhan Pamuk

The Nobel Peace Prize
Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Edmund S. Phelps

2005

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, Theodor W. Hänsch

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Harold Pinter

The Nobel Peace Prize
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) , Mohamed ElBaradei

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert J. Aumann, Thomas C. Schelling

2004

The Nobel Prize in Physics
David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Elfriede Jelinek

The Nobel Peace Prize
Wangari Muta Maathai

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott

2003

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg, Anthony J. Leggett

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield

The Nobel Prize in Literature
John M. Coetzee

The Nobel Peace Prize
Shirin Ebadi

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert F. Engle III, Clive W.J. Granger

2002

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Imre Kertész

The Nobel Peace Prize
Jimmy Carter

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Daniel Kahneman, Vernon L. Smith

2001

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul

The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations (U.N.) , Kofi Annan

The Prize in Economic Sciences
George A. Akerlof, A. Michael Spence, Joseph E. Stiglitz

2000

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gao Xingjian

The Nobel Peace Prize
Kim Dae-jung

The Prize in Economic Sciences
James J. Heckman, Daniel L. McFadden

1999

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ahmed H. Zewail

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Günter Blobel

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Günter Grass

The Nobel Peace Prize
Médecins Sans Frontières

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert A. Mundell

1998

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walter Kohn, John A. Pople

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad

The Nobel Prize in Literature
José Saramago

The Nobel Peace Prize
John Hume, David Trimble

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Amartya Sen

1997

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Stanley B. Prusiner

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Dario Fo

The Nobel Peace Prize
International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) , Jody Williams

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert C. Merton, Myron S. Scholes

1996

The Nobel Prize in Physics
David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Wislawa Szymborska

The Nobel Peace Prize
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, José Ramos-Horta

The Prize in Economic Sciences
James A. Mirrlees, William Vickrey

1995

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Seamus Heaney

The Nobel Peace Prize
Joseph Rotblat, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert E. Lucas Jr.

1994

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
George A. Olah

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Kenzaburo Oe

The Nobel Peace Prize
Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin

The Prize in Economic Sciences
John C. Harsanyi, John F. Nash Jr., Reinhard Selten

1993

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Toni Morrison

The Nobel Peace Prize
Nelson Mandela, Frederik Willem de Klerk

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert W. Fogel, Douglass C. North

1992

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Georges Charpak

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Rudolph A. Marcus

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Derek Walcott

The Nobel Peace Prize
Rigoberta Menchú Tum

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Gary S. Becker

1991

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard R. Ernst

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Nadine Gordimer

The Nobel Peace Prize
Aung San Suu Kyi

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Ronald H. Coase

1990

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Elias James Corey

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Octavio Paz

The Nobel Peace Prize
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Harry M. Markowitz, Merton H. Miller, William F. Sharpe

1989

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Camilo José Cela

The Nobel Peace Prize
The 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso)

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Trygve Haavelmo

1988

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Naguib Mahfouz

The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Maurice Allais

1987

The Nobel Prize in Physics
J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Susumu Tonegawa

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Joseph Brodsky

The Nobel Peace Prize
Oscar Arias Sánchez

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Robert M. Solow

1986

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Wole Soyinka

The Nobel Peace Prize
Elie Wiesel

The Prize in Economic Sciences
James M. Buchanan Jr.

1985

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Klaus von Klitzing

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Claude Simon

The Nobel Peace Prize
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Franco Modigliani

1984

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert Bruce Merrifield

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jaroslav Seifert

The Nobel Peace Prize
Desmond Mpilo Tutu

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Richard Stone

1983

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Henry Taube

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Barbara McClintock

The Nobel Prize in Literature
William Golding

The Nobel Peace Prize
Lech Walesa

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Gerard Debreu

1982

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Kenneth G. Wilson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Aaron Klug

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gabriel García Márquez

The Nobel Peace Prize
Alva Myrdal, Alfonso García Robles

The Prize in Economic Sciences
George J. Stigler

1981

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Elias Canetti

The Nobel Peace Prize
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

The Prize in Economic Sciences
James Tobin

1980

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Czeslaw Milosz

The Nobel Peace Prize
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Lawrence R. Klein

1979

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Odysseus Elytis

The Nobel Peace Prize
Mother Teresa

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Theodore W. Schultz, Sir Arthur Lewis

1978

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Peter D. Mitchell

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Isaac Bashevis Singer

The Nobel Peace Prize
Mohamed Anwar al-Sadat, Menachem Begin

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Herbert A. Simon

1977

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, John Hasbrouck van Vleck

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ilya Prigogine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Vicente Aleixandre

The Nobel Peace Prize
Amnesty International

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Bertil Ohlin, James E. Meade

1976

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William N. Lipscomb

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Saul Bellow

The Nobel Peace Prize
Betty Williams, Mairead Corrigan

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Milton Friedman

1975

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eugenio Montale

The Nobel Peace Prize
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich, Tjalling C. Koopmans

1974

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Paul J. Flory

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson

The Nobel Peace Prize
Seán MacBride, Eisaku Sato

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich August von Hayek

1973

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever, Brian David Josephson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Patrick White

The Nobel Peace Prize
Henry A. Kissinger, Le Duc Tho

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Wassily Leontief

1972

The Nobel Prize in Physics
John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Heinrich Böll

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund.

The Prize in Economic Sciences
John R. Hicks, Kenneth J. Arrow

1971

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Dennis Gabor

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Gerhard Herzberg

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Pablo Neruda

The Nobel Peace Prize
Willy Brandt

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Simon Kuznets

1970

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, Louis Eugène Félix Néel

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Luis F. Leloir

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn

The Nobel Peace Prize
Norman E. Borlaug

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Paul A. Samuelson

1969

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Murray Gell-Mann

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Derek H. R. Barton, Odd Hassel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Samuel Beckett

The Nobel Peace Prize
International Labour Organization (I.L.O.)

The Prize in Economic Sciences
Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen

1968

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Luis Walter Alvarez

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Lars Onsager

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Yasunari Kawabata

The Nobel Peace Prize
René Cassin

1967

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hans Albrecht Bethe

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Miguel Angel Asturias

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1966

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Alfred Kastler

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert S. Mulliken

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Peyton Rous, Charles Brenton Huggins

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Nelly Sachs

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1965

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Robert Burns Woodward

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

The Nobel Peace Prize
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

1964

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jean-Paul Sartre

The Nobel Peace Prize
Martin Luther King Jr.

1963

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Eugene Paul Wigner, Maria Goeppert Mayer, J. Hans D. Jensen

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Giorgos Seferis

The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) , Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge (League of Red Cross Societies)

1962

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Lev Davidovich Landau

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Max Ferdinand Perutz, John Cowdery Kendrew

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins

The Nobel Prize in Literature
John Steinbeck

The Nobel Peace Prize
Linus Carl Pauling

1961

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert Hofstadter, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Melvin Calvin

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Georg von Békésy

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ivo Andric

The Nobel Peace Prize
Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskjöld

1960

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Donald Arthur Glaser

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Willard Frank Libby

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Saint-John Perse

The Nobel Peace Prize
Albert John Lutuli

1959

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Emilio Gino Segrè, Owen Chamberlain

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Jaroslav Heyrovsky

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Salvatore Quasimodo

The Nobel Peace Prize
Philip J. Noel-Baker

1958

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank, Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Frederick Sanger

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

The Nobel Peace Prize
Georges Pire

1957

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Lord (Alexander R.) Todd

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Daniel Bovet

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Albert Camus

The Nobel Peace Prize
Lester Bowles Pearson

1956

The Nobel Prize in Physics
William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Juan Ramón Jiménez

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1955

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Willis Eugene Lamb, Polykarp Kusch

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Vincent du Vigneaud

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Halldór Kiljan Laxness

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1954

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max Born, Walther Bothe

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Linus Carl Pauling

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ernest Miller Hemingway

The Nobel Peace Prize
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

1953

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Frits (Frederik) Zernike

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hermann Staudinger

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill

The Nobel Peace Prize
George Catlett Marshall

1952

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Felix Bloch, Edward Mills Purcell

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Selman Abraham Waksman

The Nobel Prize in Literature
François Mauriac

The Nobel Peace Prize
Albert Schweitzer

1951

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Edwin Mattison McMillan, Glenn Theodore Seaborg

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Max Theiler

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Pär Fabian Lagerkvist

The Nobel Peace Prize
Léon Jouhaux

1950

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Cecil Frank Powell

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Paul Hermann Diels, Kurt Alder

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell

The Nobel Peace Prize
Ralph Bunche

1949

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hideki Yukawa

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
William Francis Giauque

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz

The Nobel Prize in Literature
William Faulkner

The Nobel Peace Prize
Lord (John) Boyd Orr of Brechin

1948

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Paul Hermann Müller

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Thomas Stearns Eliot

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1947

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Edward Victor Appleton

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir Robert Robinson

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, Bernardo Alberto Houssay

The Nobel Prize in Literature
André Paul Guillaume Gide

The Nobel Peace Prize
Friends Service Council (The Quakers) , American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers)

1946

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Percy Williams Bridgman

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Hermann Joseph Muller

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Hermann Hesse

The Nobel Peace Prize
Emily Greene Balch, John Raleigh Mott

1945

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Wolfgang Pauli

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gabriela Mistral

The Nobel Peace Prize
Cordell Hull

1944

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Isidor Isaac Rabi

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Hahn

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)

1943

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Otto Stern

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
George de Hevesy

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy

The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1942

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1941

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1940

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1939

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Ernest Orlando Lawrence

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Gerhard Domagk

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Frans Eemil Sillanpää

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1938

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Enrico Fermi

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Kuhn

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Corneille Jean François Heymans

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Pearl Buck

The Nobel Peace Prize
Office international Nansen pour les Réfugiés (Nansen International Office for Refugees)

1937

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walter Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrápolt

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Roger Martin du Gard

The Nobel Peace Prize
Cecil of Chelwood, Viscount (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil)

1936

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Eugene Gladstone O'Neill

The Nobel Peace Prize
Carlos Saavedra Lamas

1935

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Chadwick

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Hans Spemann

The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Peace Prize
Carl von Ossietzky

1934

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Harold Clayton Urey

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Luigi Pirandello

The Nobel Peace Prize
Arthur Henderson

1933

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Thomas Hunt Morgan

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin

The Nobel Peace Prize
Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane)

1932

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Werner Karl Heisenberg

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Irving Langmuir

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian

The Nobel Prize in Literature
John Galsworthy

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1931

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Otto Heinrich Warburg

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Erik Axel Karlfeldt

The Nobel Peace Prize
Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler

1930

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hans Fischer

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Karl Landsteiner

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sinclair Lewis

The Nobel Peace Prize
Lars Olof Jonathan (Nathan) Söderblom

1929

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Thomas Mann

The Nobel Peace Prize
Frank Billings Kellogg

1928

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Owen Willans Richardson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sigrid Undset

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1927

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Heinrich Otto Wieland

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Julius Wagner-Jauregg

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Henri Bergson

The Nobel Peace Prize
Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde

1926

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Jean Baptiste Perrin

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The (Theodor) Svedberg

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Grazia Deledda

The Nobel Peace Prize
Aristide Briand, Gustav Stresemann

1925

The Nobel Prize in Physics
James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Adolf Zsigmondy

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
George Bernard Shaw

The Nobel Peace Prize
Sir Austen Chamberlain, Charles Gates Dawes

1924

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Willem Einthoven

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1923

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert Andrews Millikan

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Fritz Pregl

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard Macleod

The Nobel Prize in Literature
William Butler Yeats

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1922

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Niels Henrik David Bohr

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Francis William Aston

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Jacinto Benavente

The Nobel Peace Prize
Fridtjof Nansen

1921

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Einstein

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Frederick Soddy

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Anatole France

The Nobel Peace Prize
Karl Hjalmar Branting, Christian Lous Lange

1920

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Edouard Guillaume

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Walther Hermann Nernst

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Schack August Steenberg Krogh

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Knut Pedersen Hamsun

The Nobel Peace Prize
Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois

1919

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Johannes Stark

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Jules Bordet

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler

The Nobel Peace Prize
Thomas Woodrow Wilson

1918

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Fritz Haber

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1917

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Charles Glover Barkla

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan

The Nobel Peace Prize
Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross)

1916

The Nobel Prize in Physics
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1915

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Sir William Henry Bragg, William Lawrence Bragg

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Richard Martin Willstätter

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Romain Rolland

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1914

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Max von Laue

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Theodore William Richards

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert Bárány

The Nobel Prize in Literature
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Peace Prize
No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1913

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Alfred Werner

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Robert Richet

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rabindranath Tagore

The Nobel Peace Prize
Henri La Fontaine

1912

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Nils Gustaf Dalén

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Alexis Carrel

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann

The Nobel Peace Prize
Elihu Root

1911

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Wilhelm Wien

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Marie Curie, née Sklodowska

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Allvar Gullstrand

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck

The Nobel Peace Prize
Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Alfred Hermann Fried

1910

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Johannes Diderik van der Waals

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Otto Wallach

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Albrecht Kossel

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse

The Nobel Peace Prize
Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau)

1909

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Wilhelm Ostwald

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Emil Theodor Kocher

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf

The Nobel Peace Prize
Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Paul Henri Benjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque

1908

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Gabriel Lippmann

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Ernest Rutherford

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rudolf Christoph Eucken

The Nobel Peace Prize
Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Fredrik Bajer

1907

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Albert Abraham Michelson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Eduard Buchner

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Rudyard Kipling

The Nobel Peace Prize
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Louis Renault

1906

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Joseph John Thomson

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Henri Moissan

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Giosuè Carducci

The Nobel Peace Prize
Theodore Roosevelt

1905

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Robert Koch

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Henryk Sienkiewicz

The Nobel Peace Prize
Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau

1904

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt)

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Sir William Ramsay

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre

The Nobel Peace Prize
Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law)

1903

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, née Sklodowska

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Svante August Arrhenius

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Niels Ryberg Finsen

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson

The Nobel Peace Prize
William Randal Cremer

1902

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Hermann Emil Fischer

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Ronald Ross

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen

The Nobel Peace Prize
Élie Ducommun, Charles Albert Gobat

1901

The Nobel Prize in Physics
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Emil Adolf von Behring

The Nobel Prize in Literature
Sully Prudhomme

The Nobel Peace Prize
Jean Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy

Quotations from Marilyn Moffat, WCPT President How physical therapists fight non-communicable disease throughout the lifespan

These quotations from WCPT President Marilyn Moffat are for you to use in articles, or press
releases, or to give to the media to use in their articles. If you use them, please make sure they
are not altered, and they are correctly attributed. If you refer to “physiotherapists” rather than
“physical therapists” in your country, we suggest you change the text appropriately.
Non-communicable disease
“When the World Health Organization points out that physical inactivity is one of the leading risk
factors for global mortality, causing 3.2 deaths annually, and that physical activity can reduce
non-communicable diseases, it is clear that the profession has a major part to play. In any
global actions that emerge from the UN Summit on Non-Communicable Diseases in New York
on 19th and 20th September, physical therapists must be central to plans and implementation.”
Obesity
“Physical therapists, as exercise experts, join the worldwide concern for the ever growing
epidemic of obesity, which affects adults and children alike. It is probably one of the greatest
challenges to our health systems around the world in the 21st century.”
“There are two important interventions to prevent and manage obesity. One is optimal nutrition.
The other is increased exercise and physical activity. The potential contribution of physical
therapists to the latter approach is immense.”
“Physical activity is any movement of the body that requires the use of our skeletal muscles,
which in turn requires energy expenditure. This energy expenditure is basic to weight control.
Aerobic exercise prescriptions and recommendations for strength/resistance training must go
hand in hand with reduced food intake, and the progression of activity should be gradual,
scientifically based, and tailored individually to each person.”
Page 2 of 3
“It is important that the physical therapist finds the most appropriate activity for the individual,
so that they will not only enjoy the activity but also have a greater chance of staying with it.”
“There are numerous types of exercise prescriptions that the physical therapist may use in their
increasing effort to battle the obesity epidemic. The sooner all our nations begin to adopt
initiatives and programmes to combat obesity and other diseases of civilisation, the less will be
the burdens on health systems delivery around the world.”
Childhood obesity
“Physical therapists can play a major role in the worldwide obesity epidemic through prevention
programmes for children and adolescents, through advocacy in schools, communities, and
government agencies, and through prescribing increased volume of physical activity and
increased fitness in obese patients.”
Diabetes
“Thirty minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most days of the week in addition to a
healthy diet can drastically reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Physical therapists
have a significant role to play in the prevention, delaying, and management of diabetes.”
Cardiovascular disease
“Aerobic exercise increases people’s cardiac output, maximum heart rate, endurance, and
arterial blood flow. It may also enhance their blood lipid profiles. For people who already have
cardiovascular disease, prescribed aerobic exercise programmes by physical therapists can
reduce their risk long-term.”
“Aerobic conditioning activities such as running, rowing and walking along with resistance
strength training exercises have been shown to be inversely associated with the risk of
coronary heart disease.”
Age-related disease
“As we age, fat mass increases and aerobic capacity and muscle mass decrease if we don’t
get enough exercise. This means less oxygen is delivered to key organs, making daily
exercise even more difficult, and a vicious cycle can be set up – especially if sedentary
behaviour leads to conditions like heart disease. Routine daily activity can break the cycle,
reverse the decline, and lead to a longer life.”
“Activity has to be introduced carefully if a person is unfit, older, or has a chronic disease.
That’s where physical therapists come in. They examine the person, recommend exercises
that are safe and appropriate for them, and educate them about how to look for signs of
trouble.”
Page 3 of 3
Cancer
“Physical therapists’ role in reducing the risk of cancer, and helping people recover from its
effects, is an important one. The World Health Organization has this year drawn attention to
the role of physical activity in reducing cancers – 150 minutes a week of moderate physical
activity can reduce the risk of breast and colon cancers, according to WHO’s new Global
Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health.”
“The physical therapy contribution in cancer is a wide one. Studies have also indicated a
relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower mortality in cancer survivors.
One recent meta-analysis reported that, post-diagnosis, physical activity reduced breast cancer
deaths by 34% and disease recurrence by 24% (Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity
and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol.
2010 Apr 22).”
Marilyn Moffat is the President of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy, the profession’s global
body representing over 350,000 physical therapists around the world. This information may be freely
reproduced if unaltered and attributed to Dr Marilyn Moffat, President of WCPT.

The role of physical therapy in cancer

Physical therapists are exercise experts, providing support for a wide range of people to
optimise their physical ability. They prescribe exercise as part of a structured, safe and effective
programme.
Their skills can help in preventing and treating the four main non-communicable diseases in the
world, as identified by the United Nations: cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, diabetes
and cancer.
Cancer is an umbrella term used to describe more than 100 different diseases with the
common characteristic of uncontrolled malignant cell growth. It is a leading and growing cause
of death worldwide, with the total number of cases globally increasing, as the world population
grows and ages.
The growing global population with cancer faces unique challenges – from their disease and
from the treatments they receive. Physical therapists can make a unique contribution to helping
them achieve health and a good quality of life. The prescribed exercises and lifestyle advice
that physical therapists provide can also help people reduce their risk of getting cancer.
Cancer facts
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and accounted for 7.6 million deaths (around
13% of all deaths) in 2008.
Source: International Agency for Research on Cancer
http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/populations/factsheet.asp?uno=900
Deaths from cancer worldwide are projected to continue to rise to over 11 million in 2030.
More than 30% of cancer can be prevented by modifying or avoiding key risk factors, including:
 being overweight or obese
 physical inactivity.
Other risk factors include:
 tobacco use
 low fruit and vegetable intake
Page 2 of 3
 alcohol use
 HPV-infection
 urban air pollution
 indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels.
Source: World Health Organization
www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/
The link between physical activity and cancer
Large population studies have identified a strong association between lower levels of physical
activity and higher cancer mortality. Walking or cycling an average of 30 minutes per day has
been associated with a 34% lower rate of cancer death and a 33% improved cancer survival.
Source: Orsini N, Mantzoros C S et al. Association of physical activity with cancer incidence,
mortality, and survival: a population based study of men. British Journal of Cancer. 2008 98:
1864-1869
Increasing numbers of studies are indicating that physical activity can reduce the incidence of
cancer. World Health Organization recommendations say that undertaking 150 minutes of
moderate intensity aerobic physical activity a week can reduce the risk of breast and colon
cancers. The same amount of exercise can also reduce the risk of diabetes and heart disease.
Source: Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, released by the World Health
Organization in 2011
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en/index.html
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer: “Physical activity is one risk
factor for non-communicable diseases which is modifiable and therefore of great potential
public health significance. Changing the level of physical activity raises challenges for the
individual but also at societal level.”
http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37467&Cr=cancer&Cr1
Physical activity helps people with the effects of treatment for cancer
A systematic review of controlled trials of physical activity interventions in cancer survivors,
during and after treatment, showed that physical activity had a significant effect. A large effect
was shown on upper and lower body strength, and a moderate effects on fatigue and breastcancer-
specific concerns. Exercise was generally well-tolerated during and after treatment, with
minimal adverse events. The study abstracted data from over 82 studies.
Source: Speck RM, Courneya KS et al. An update of controlled physical activity trials in cancer
survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Cancer Surviv. 2010 Jun;4(2):87-100.
A panel of experts convened by the American College of Sports Medicine concluded that
exercise training is safe during and after cancer treatments and results in improvements in
physical functioning, quality of life and cancer-related fatigue in several cancer survivor groups.
Page 3 of 3
Source: Schmitz KH, Courneya KS et al. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on
exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Jul;42(7):1409-26.
Physical activity helps improve outcomes for people with cancer
Studies have indicated a relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower mortality
in cancer survivors. A recent meta-analysis reported that, post-diagnosis, physical activity
reduced breast cancer deaths by 34%, all causes mortality by 41% and disease recurrence by
24%.
Source: Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis:
meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol. 2010 Apr 22.
Studies also indicate the volume of exercise necessary to bring benefits. The Nurses’ Health
Study reported 50% fewer cancer recurrences in women who exercised more than three hours
per week. Among people who have had colo-rectal cancer, a study found a 50% lower rate of
recurrence and related death in those who exercised more than six hours per week.
Source: Holmes, MD, Chen WY et al. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer
diagnosis. JAMA 2005 293: 2479-2486.
Meyerhardt J A, Giovannucci E L et al. Physical Activity and Survival After Colorectal Cancer
Diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006 Vol 24, No 22 (August 1): 3527-3534.
Current lack of physical activity among people with cancer
Generally, cancer survivors display low levels of physically activity. A study has reported that in
Canada less than 22% of cancer survivors are physically active.
Source: Courneya KS, Katzmarzyk PT et al. Physical activity and obesity in Canadian cancer
survivors: population-based estimates from the 2005 Canadian Community Health Survey.
Cancer 2008 Jun;112(11):2475-82.
This information may be freely reproduced with acknowledgement to WCPT. It is designed as a
resource, and does not necessarily represent an official WCPT view or policy. It was produced
with the kind assistance of Julie Walsh-Broderick, HRB Research Fellow, Department of
Physiotherapy, Trinity Centre for Health Science, St James’s Hospital, Dublin.


Article about physical therapy
The article below has been written by WCPT for you to publish in your newsletters, magazines
and journals, or to pass on to other publications as background information. Please note that
although WCPT is happy for you to reproduce this article, if you are making any changes they
should be checked with the WCPT Secretariat. If you refer to “physiotherapists” rather than
“physical therapists” in your country, we suggest you change the text appropriately.
Physical therapists at the heart of the global battle against cancer
By Marilyn Moffat, President of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy
This September the United Nations will hold its first ever summit on non-communicable disease
- only the second such meeting to focus on global disease. The summit, involving heads of
state, is an official recognition that non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases,
chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes and cancer) are an increasing global health challenge.
They already claim 35 million lives a year – around 60 per cent of deaths.
For physical therapists, the official recognition that a global strategy is required to reduce this
burden of disability and deaths is highly significant. The profession of physical therapy, known
in some countries as physiotherapy, helps millions of people every year to prevent these
conditions and their risk factors – most importantly obesity. They also manage their effects,
along with the effects of aging, illness, accidents, and the stresses and strains of life.
Physical therapists specialise in human movement and physical activity, promoting health,
fitness, and wellness. They identify physical impairments, limitations, and disabilities that
prevent people from being as active and independent as they might be, and then they find ways
of overcoming them. They maximise people’s movement potential.
So when the World Health Organization points out that physical inactivity is one of the leading
risk factors for global mortality, causing 3.2 deaths annually, and that physical activity can
reduce non-communicable diseases, it is clear that the profession has a major part to play. In
any global actions that emerge from the UN Summit on Non-Communicable Diseases in New
York on 19th and 20th September, physical therapists must be central to plans and
implementation.
Page 2 of 2
That is why World Physical Therapy Day, held every year on 8th September, is particularly
important this year. It is a day when physical therapists can publicise their work, educate the
public and policy makers about what they do, and try and ensure that the public benefit from
their skills.
Many people do not recognise the contribution physical therapists make in keeping people
healthy and independent. This year on World Physical Therapy Day, WCPT is particularly
drawing attention to physical therapists’ role in reducing the risk of cancer, and helping people
recover from its effects. The World Health Organization has this year drawn attention to the role
of physical activity in reducing cancers – 150 minutes a week of moderate physical activity can
reduce the risk of breast and colon cancers, according to WHO’s new Global
Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health.
But the physical therapy contribution in cancer goes wider than that. Studies have also
indicated a relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower mortality in cancer
survivors. One recent meta-analysis reported that, post-diagnosis, physical activity reduced
breast cancer deaths by 34% and disease recurrence by 24% (Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A.
Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: meta-analysis of published studies.
Med Oncol. 2010 Apr 22). Another meta-analysis found that exercise brings people with breast
cancer improved peak oxygen consumption and reduced fatigue (McNeely ML, Campbell KL et
al. Effects of exercise on breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
CMAJ. 2006 Jul 4;175(1) 34-41).
I conduct workshops around the world, demonstrating how adults with chronic health problems
can improve their health by learning how to exercise safely under the guidance and instruction
of physical therapists. Activity has to be introduced carefully if a person is overweight, unfit,
older, or has a chronic disease. Physical therapists do this by examining the person,
recommending exercises that are safe and appropriate for them, and educating them about
how to look for signs of trouble.
This makes them the ideal professionals to prescribe exercise programmes for cancer.
According to the World Health Organisation, cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and
accounted for 7.6 million deaths (around 13% of all deaths) in 2008. Deaths from cancer
worldwide are projected to continue to rise to over 11 million in 2030, yet more than 30% of
cancer deaths can be prevented.
Physical therapy doesn’t just mean more healthy people, but more productive people who can
contribute to countries’ economies. Their services are provided in an atmosphere of trust and
respect for human dignity and underpinned by sound clinical reasoning and scientific evidence.
These are important messages that physical therapists want to convey to the world every day,
but especially on 8th September, World Physical Therapy Day. The message is clear: physical
therapists are the movement, physical activity, and exercise experts and a resource in the
battle against non-communicable disease that should never be overlooked.
This information may be freely reproduced if unaltered and attributed to Dr Marilyn Moffat, President of
WCPT.

Physical therapy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Physical therapy
Intervention
Military Physical Therapists working with patients on balance problems, orthopedic/musculoskeletal injuries, amputee, compression wrapping to control edema, and during evaluation/assessment of strength, flexibility, and joint range of motion
ICD-9-CM	93.0-93.3
MeSH	D026741

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Physical therapy (or physiotherapy), often abbreviated PT, is a health care profession. Physical therapy is concerned with identifying and maximizing quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, treatment/intervention, habilitation and rehabilitation. This encompasses physical, psychological, emotional, and social well being. Physical therapy involves the interaction between physical therapist, patients/clients, other health professionals, families, care givers, and communities in a process where movement potential is assessed and goals are agreed upon, using knowledge and skills unique to physical therapists. ^[1] Physical therapy is performed by a physical therapist (PT) or physiotherapist (physio), and sometimes services are provided by a physical therapist assistant (PTA) acting under their direction.^[2] PTs are healthcare professionals who diagnose and treat individuals of all ages, from newborns to the very oldest, who have medical problems or other health-related conditions, illnesses, or injuries that limit their abilities to move and perform functional activities as well as they would like in their daily lives.^[3] PTs use an individual's history and physical examination to arrive at a diagnosis and establish a management plan and, when necessary, incorporate the results of laboratory and imaging studies. Electrodiagnostic testing (e.g., electromyograms and nerve conduction velocity testing) may also be of assistance.^[4] PT management commonly includes prescription of or assistance with specific exercises, manual therapy, education, manipulation and other interventions. In addition, PTs work with individuals to prevent the loss of mobility before it occurs by developing fitness and wellness-oriented programs for healthier and more active lifestyles, providing services to individuals and populations to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. This includes providing services in circumstances where movement and function are threatened by aging, injury, disease or environmental factors. Functional movement is central to what it means to be healthy.
Physical therapy has many specialties including cardiopulmonary, geriatrics, neurologic, orthopaedic and pediatrics. PTs practice in many settings, such as outpatient clinics or offices, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, skilled nursing facilities, extended care facilities, private homes, education and research centers, schools, hospices, industrial workplaces or other occupational environments, fitness centers and sports training facilities.^[5]
Physical therapists also practice in non-patient care roles such as health policy,^[6][7][8][9] health insurance, health care administration and as health care executives.^[10][11] Physical therapists are involved in the medical-legal field serving as experts, performing peer review and independent medical examinations.^[12]
Education qualifications vary greatly by country. The span of education ranges from some countries having little formal education to others requiring masters or doctoral degrees.

Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Education 3 Specialty areas 3.1 Cardiovascular & Pulmonary 3.2 Clinical Electrophysiology 3.3 Geriatric 3.4 Integumentary 3.5 Neurological 3.6 Orthopedic 3.7 Pediatric 3.8 Sports 3.9 Women's health 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] History

Physicians like Hippocrates and later Galenus are believed to have been the first practitioners of physical therapy, advocating massage, manual therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to treat people in 460 B.C.^{[13][verification needed]} After the development of orthopedics in the eighteenth century, machines like the Gymnasticon were developed to treat gout and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physical therapy.^[14]
The earliest documented origins of actual physical therapy as a professional group date back to Per Henrik Ling, “Father of Swedish Gymnastics,” who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for massage, manipulation, and exercise. The Swedish word for physical therapist is “sjukgymnast” = “sick-gymnast.” In 1887, PTs were given official registration by Sweden’s National Board of Health and Welfare.
Other countries soon followed. In 1894 four nurses in Great Britain formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.^[15] The School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,^[16] and the United States' 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."^[17]
Modern physical therapy was established in Britain towards the end of the 19th century. Soon following American orthopedic surgeons began treating children with disabilities and began employing women trained in physical education, massage, and remedial exercise. These treatments were applied and promoted further during the Polio outbreak of 1916. During the First World War women were recruited to work with and restore physical function to injured soldiers, and the field of physical therapy was institutionalized. In 1918 the term "Reconstruction Aide" was used to refer to individuals practicing physical therapy. The first school of physical therapy was established at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washtington D.C. following the outbreak of World War I.^[18]
Research catalyzed the physical therapy movement. The first physical therapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in "The PT Review." In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the Physical Therapy Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). In 1924, the Georgia Warm Springs Foundation promoted the field by touting physical therapy as a treatment for polio.^[19]
Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise, massage, and traction. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.^[20][21] Later that decade, physical therapists started to move beyond hospital-based practice to outpatient orthopedic clinics, public schools, colleges/universities, geriatric settings (skilled nursing facilities), rehabilitation centers and medical centers.
In 1921 in the United States physical therapists formed the first professional association called the American Women's Physical Therapeutic Association. This gave birth to what is known today as the APTA (American Physical Therapy Association), and currently represents approximately 76,000 members throughout the United States. The APTA defines physical therapy as: "clinical applications in the restoration, maintenance, and promotion of optimal physical function."^[22]
Specialization for physical therapy in the U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specializing in orthopaedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists was formed,^[23] which has ever since played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide.

[edit] Education

Main article: Physical therapy education

World Confederation of Physical Therapy (WCPT) recognises there is considerable diversity in the social, economic, cultural, and political environments in which physical therapist education is conducted throughout the world. WCPT recommends physical therapist entry-level educational programs be based on university or university-level studies, of a minimum of four years, independently validated and accredited as being at a standard that accords graduates full statutory and professional recognition. [2] WCPT acknowledges there is innovation and variation in program delivery and in entry-level qualifications, including first university degrees (Bachelors/Baccalaureate/Licensed or equivalent), Masters and Doctorate entry qualifications. What is expected is that any program should deliver a curriculum that will enable physical therapists to attain the knowledge, skills, and attributes described in these guidelines. Professional education prepares physical therapists to be autonomous practitioners, that may work in collaboration with other members of the health care team.[7]
Physical therapist entry-level educational programs integrate theory, evidence and practice along a continuum of learning. This begins with admission to an accredited physical therapy program and ending with retirement from active practice.[2]
206 of 213 accredited physical therapy programs in the US are accredited at the doctoral level offering the Doctor of Physical Therapy degree (DPT)
The physical therapist professional curriculum includes content and learning experiences in the clinical sciences (e.g., content about the cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, metabolic, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, integumentary, musculoskeletal, and neuromuscular systems and the medical and surgical conditions frequently seen by physical therapists)
Curriculum related to Patient/Client Management^[24] includes:

• Screening to determine when patients/clients need further examination or consultation by a physicaltherapist or referral to another health care professional.
• Examination: Examine patients/clients by obtaining a history from them and from other sources. Examine patients/clients by performing systems reviews. Examine patients/clients by selecting and administering culturally appropriate and age related tests and measures. Tests and measures include, but are not limited to, those that assess: a. Aerobic Capacity/Endurance, b. Anthropometric Characteristics, c. Arousal, Attention, and Cognition, d. Assistive and Adaptive Devices, e. Circulation (Arterial, Venous, Lymphatic), f. Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Integrity, g. Environmental, Home, and Work (Job/School/Play) Barriers, h. Ergonomics and Body Mechanics, i. Gait, Locomotion, and Balance, j. Integumentary Integrity, k. Joint Integrity and Mobility, l. Motor Function (Motor Control and Motor Learning), m. Muscle Performance (including Strength, Power, and Endurance), n. Neuromotor Development and Sensory Integration, o. Orthotic, Protective, and Supportive Devices, p. Pain, q. Posture, r. Prosthetic Requirements, s. Range of Motion (including Muscle Length), t. Reflex Integrity, u. Self-Care and Home Management (including activities of daily living [ADL] and instrumental activities of daily living [IADL]), v. Sensory Integrity, w. Ventilation and Respiration/Gas Exchange, x. Work (Job/School/Play), Community, and Leisure Integration or Reintegration (including IADL)
• Evaluation: Evaluate data from the examination (history, systems review, and tests and measures) to make clinical judgments regarding patients/clients.
• Diagnosis: Determine a diagnosis that guides future patient/client management.
• Prognosis: Determine patient/client prognoses.
• Plan of Care: Collaborate with patients/clients, family members, payers, other professionals, and other individuals to determine a plan of care that is acceptable, realistic, culturally competent, and patient-centered.
• Intervention:Provide physical therapy interventions to achieve patient/client goals and outcomes. Interventions include: a. Therapeutic Exercise, b. Functional Training in Self-Care and Home Management, c. Functional Training in Work (Job/School/Play), Community, and Leisure Integration or Reintegration, d. Manual Therapy Techniques (including Mobilization/Manipulation Thrust and Nonthrust Techniques), e. Prescription, Application, and, as Appropriate, Fabrication of Devices and Equipment, f. Airway Clearance Techniques, g. Integumentary Repair and Protection Techniques, h. Electrotherapeutic Modalities,
• Provide effective culturally competent instruction to patients/clients and others to achieve goals and outcomes.
• Prevention, Health Promotion, Fitness, and Wellness: Provide culturally competent physical therapy services for prevention, health promotion, fitness, and wellness to individuals, groups, and communities. Apply principles of prevention to defined population groups.
• Students completing a Doctor of Physical Therapy program are also required to successfully complete clinical internships prior to graduation.

[edit] Specialty areas

Because the body of knowledge of physical therapy is quite large, some PTs specialize in a specific clinical area. While there are many different types of physical therapy,^[25] the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties list eight specialist certifications.

[edit] Cardiovascular & Pulmonary

Cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation physical therapists treat a wide variety of individuals with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have had cardiac or pulmonary surgery. Primary goals of this specialty include increasing endurance and functional independence. Manual therapy is used in this field to assist in clearing lung secretions experienced with cystic fibrosis. Disorders, including heart attacks, post coronary bypass surgery, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, treatments can benefit^{[citation needed]} from cardiovascular and pulmonary specialized physical therapists.^{[26][verification needed]}

[edit] Clinical Electrophysiology

This specialty area encompasses electrotherapy/physical agents, electrophysiological evaluation (EMG/NCV), physical agents, and wound management.

[edit] Geriatric

Geriatric physical therapy covers a wide area of issues concerning people as they go through normal adult aging but is usually focused on the older adult. There are many conditions that affect many people as they grow older and include but are not limited to the following: arthritis, osteoporosis, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, hip and joint replacement, balance disorders, incontinence, etc. Geriatric physical therapists specialize in treating older adults.

[edit] Integumentary

Integumentary (treatment of conditions involving the skin and related organs). Common conditions managed include wounds and burns. Physical therapists utilize surgical instruments, mechanical lavage, dressings and topical agents to debride necrotic tissue and promote tissue healing. Other commonly used interventions include exercise, edema control, splinting, and compression garments.

[edit] Neurological

Neurological physical therapy is a field focused on working with individuals who have a neurological disorder or disease. These include Alzheimer's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), ALS, brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spinal cord injury, and stroke. Common impairments associated with neurologic conditions include impairments of vision, balance, ambulation, activities of daily living, movement, muscle strength and loss of functional independence.^[26] Physiotherapy can address many of these impairments and aid in restoring and maintaining function, slowing disease progression, and improving quality of life.

[edit] Orthopedic

Orthopedic physical therapists diagnose, manage, and treat disorders and injuries of the musculoskeletal system including rehabilitation after orthopaedic surgery. This specialty of physical therapy is most often found in the out-patient clinical setting. Orthopedic therapists are trained in the treatment of post-operative orthopedic procedures, fractures, acute sports injuries, arthritis, sprains, strains, back and neck pain, spinal conditions and amputations.
Joint and spine mobilization/manipulation, therapeutic exercise, neuromuscular reeducation, hot/cold packs, and electrical muscle stimulation (e.g., cryotherapy, iontophoresis, electrotherapy) are modalities often used to expedite recovery in the orthopedic setting.^{[27][verification needed]} Additionally, an emerging adjunct to diagnosis and treatment is the use of sonography for diagnosis and to guide treatments such as muscle retraining.^[28][29][30] Those who have suffered injury or disease affecting the muscles, bones, ligaments, or tendons will benefit from assessment by a physical therapist specialized in orthopedics.

[edit] Pediatric

Pediatric physical therapy assists in early detection of health problems and uses a wide variety of modalities to treat disorders in the pediatric population. These therapists are specialized in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infants, children, and adolescents with a variety of congenital, developmental, neuromuscular, skeletal, or acquired disorders/diseases. Treatments focus on improving gross and fine motor skills, balance and coordination, strength and endurance as well as cognitive and sensory processing/integration. Children with developmental delays, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, or torticollis may be treated^{[citation needed]} by pediatric physical therapists.^{[26][verification needed]}

[edit] Sports

Physical therapists can be involved in the care of athletes from recreational to professional and Olympians. This area of practice (Athletic Training) includes athletic injury management, including acute care, treatment and rehabilitation, prevention, and education.

[edit] Women's health

Women's health physical therapy addresses women's issues related to child birth, and post partum. These conditions include lymphedema, osteoporosis, pelvic pain, prenatal and post partum periods, and urinary incontinence.^[31]

[edit] See also

• Joint manipulation
• Manual handling
• Occupational Therapy
• Doctor of Physical Therapy
• Doctor (title)
• American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties

[edit] References

1. ^ Description of Physical Therapy – The World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT)
2. ^ American Physical Therapy Association. "Discovering Physical Therapy. What is physical therapy". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
3. ^ "Physical Therapists". US Department of Labor. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
4. ^ American Physical Therapy Association Section on Clinical Electrophysiology and Wound Management. "Curriculum Content Guidelines for Electrophysiologic Evaluation" (PDF). Educational Guidelines. American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
5. ^ American Physical Therapy Association (2008-01-17). "APTA Background Sheet 2008". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
6. ^ Health policy implications for patient education in physical therapy http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3956/is_199901/ai_n8843473/
7. ^ Initiatives in Rehabilitation Research http://ptjournal.apta.org/cgi/content/full/86/1/141
8. ^ Gail M. Jensen, PhD, PT, FAPTA http://chpe.creighton.edu/people/profiles/jensen.htm
9. ^ Smith joins Health Policy & Administration faculty http://www.wsutoday.wsu.edu/pages/publications.asp?Action=Detail&PublicationID=21304&TypeID=3
10. ^ DPT/MBA Program http://www.goizueta.emory.edu/degree/fulltimemba/DPT-MBA.html
11. ^ Orozco Appointed CEO of Rancho http://pt.usc.edu/SubLayout.aspx?id=2682
12. ^ WHY DO WE OFFER PHYSICAL THERAPY CONSULTATIVE SERVICES? http://www.imxmed.com/pt_services.html
13. ^ Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991
14. ^ Sarah Bakewell, "Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library: Medical Gymnastics and the Cyriax Collection," Medical History 41 (1997), 487–495.
15. ^ Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (n.d.). "History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
16. ^ Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). "History of the School of Physiotherapy". School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research. University of Otago. Archived from the original on 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
17. ^ Reed College (n.d.). "Mission and History". About Reed. Reed College. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
18. ^ http://beckerexhibits.wustl.edu/mowihsp/health/PTdevel.htm
19. ^ Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute (n.d.). "History". About Us. Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
20. ^ McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd.. pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-0959774672.
21. ^ McKenzie, R (2002). "Patient Heal Thyself". Worldwide Spine & Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.
22. ^ http://www.apta.org//AM/Template.cfm?Section=&WebsiteKey=
23. ^ Basson, Annalie (2010). "History: Abridged version of IFOMPT History". International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT). Retrieved 2011-01-09.
24. ^ Commission on Acredidation in Physical Therapy Education Criteria http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=PT_Programs3&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=62414
25. ^ American Physical Therapy Association (n.d.). "APTA Sections". American Physical Therapy Association. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
26. ^ ^{a b c} Inverarity, Laura; Grossman, K (2007-11-28). "Types of Physical Therapy". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
27. ^ Cameron, Michelle H. (2003). Physical agents in rehabilitation: from research to practice. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-9378-4.
28. ^ Bunce SM, Moore AP, Hough AD (May 2002). "M-mode ultrasound: a reliable measure of transversus abdominis thickness?". Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 17 (4): 315–7. doi:10.1016/S0268-0033(02)00011-6. PMID 12034127.
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30. ^ Henry SM, Westervelt KC (June 2005). "The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects". J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 35 (6): 338–45. PMID 16001905.
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